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    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>Computers</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/1994/10/03#computers</link>
    <description>
Their history, from the Antikythera machine, primitive &lt;a
href=&quot;automata.html&quot;&gt;automata&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
href=&quot;human-simulacra.html&quot;&gt;simulacra&lt;/a&gt; through &lt;a
href=&quot;babbage.html&quot;&gt;Babbage&lt;/a&gt; to today.  Effects on society, art, thought.
The new idea that Nature is in some sense ``computational'' (which strikes me
as either obvious or absurd, depending on how we take the term).  Utopian hopes
and apocalyptic fears.  &lt;a href=&quot;programming.html&quot;&gt;Programming.&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;P&gt;See also:
	&lt;a href=&quot;computation.html&quot;&gt;Computation, Automata and Langauges&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;programming.html&quot;&gt;Programming&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;computer-networks.html&quot;&gt;Computer Networks&lt;/A&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;bio-computers.html&quot;&gt;Biological Computers&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;Recommended:
	&lt;li&gt;Abelson and Sussman, &lt;cite&gt;Structure and Interpretation of Computer
Programs&lt;/cite&gt; [Foolishly sold.]
	&lt;li&gt;David Gelernter, &lt;cite&gt;Mirror Worlds: The Day Software Puts the
Universe in a Shoebox and What It Will Mean&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Larry Gonick, &lt;cite&gt;The Cartoon Guide to the Computer&lt;/cite&gt; [Formerly
titled &lt;cite&gt;Cartoon Guide to Computer Science&lt;/cite&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Lewis and Papadimitriou, &lt;cite&gt;Elements of the Theory of
Computation&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Peter G. Neumann, &lt;cite&gt;Computer-Related Risks&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Herbert &lt;a href=&quot;simon.html&quot;&gt;Simon&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;The Sciences of the
Artificial&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Jon Agar, &lt;cite&gt;The Government Machine: A Revolutionary History of
the Computer&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit/edu/0-262-01202-2&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Kurt W. Beyer, &lt;cite&gt;Grace Hopper and the Invention
of the Information Age&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/978-0-262-01310-9&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Colin Burke and Michael Buckland, &lt;cite&gt;Information and Secrecy:
Vannevar Bush, Ultra, and the Other Memex&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Computing Before Computers&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;James W. Cortada, &lt;cite&gt;The Digital Hand: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Paul N. Edwards, &lt;cite&gt;The Closed World: Computers and the Politics
of Discourse in Cold War America&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Kenneth Flamm, &lt;cite&gt;Creating the Computer: Government, Industry,
and High Technology&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;B. J. Fogg, &lt;cite&gt;Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change
What We Think and Do&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;James Paul Gee, &lt;cite&gt;What Video Games Have to Teach Us About
Learning and Literacy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Hiltzik, &lt;cite&gt;Dealers of Lightning: Xerox-PARC and the
Dawn of the Computer Age&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Brenda Laurel, &lt;cite&gt;Computers as Theater&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Lauren Ruth Wiener, &lt;cite&gt;Digital Woes: Why We Should Not Depend on
Software&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www2.awl.com/gb/authors/wiener/woes.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Zuboff, &lt;cite&gt;In the Age of the Smart Machine&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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