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  <channel>
    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>Democracy</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2009/11/13#democracy</link>
    <description>
&lt;P&gt;And science.  Export from Europe.  Indigenous outside Europe?  (Yes: see
Muhlberg.) In tribal and especially in nomadic cultures (like the
proto-Indo-Europeans)?  And non-European philosophies.  Pluralism, secularism,
liberty. Representative and direct.  And telecommunications.  Democratic
deliberation as a mechanism for
&lt;a href=&quot;collective-cognition.html&quot;&gt;collective cognition&lt;/a&gt;.

&lt;ul&gt;Recommended (painfully inadequate):
	&lt;li&gt;Philip Age, &quot;Supporting the Intellectual Life of a Democratic
Society,&quot; &lt;cite&gt;Ethics and Information Technology,&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;3:4&lt;/strong&gt;
(2001): 289--298 [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/people/pagre/intellectual.html&quot;&gt;draft&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Gianpaolo
Baiocchi, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bostonreview.net/BR31.2/baiocchi.html&quot;&gt;&quot;The Citizens
of Porto Alegre&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;Boston Review&lt;/cite&gt; March-April 2006
	&lt;li&gt;Robert A. Dahl, &lt;cite&gt;A Preface to Economic Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael X. Delli Carpini, Fay Lomax Cook and Lawrence R. Jacobs,
&quot;Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation, and Citizen Engagement: A
Review of the Empirical Literature&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630&quot;&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Annual
Review of Political Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;7&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): 315--344&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;John Dewey, &lt;cite&gt;The Public and Its Problems&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;../weblog/algae-2007-10.html#dewey-public&quot;&gt;Mini-review&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Jonathan Israel, &lt;cite&gt;A Revolution of the Mind:
Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9011.html&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Jack Knight and James Johnson, &quot;Inquiry into Democracy: What
Might a Pragmatist Make of Rational Choice Theories?&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;American
Journal of Political Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;43&lt;/strong&gt; (1999): 566--589
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.jstor.org/pss/2991807&quot;&gt;JSTOR&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Lindblom
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Intelligence of Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;citE&gt;The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What
to Make of It&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Steve Muhlberg, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.nipissingu.ca./department/history/muhlberger/histdem/index.htm&quot;&gt;The
World History of Democracy&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.nipissingu.ca./department/history/muhlberger/histdem/indiadem.htm&quot;&gt;Democracy
in Ancient India&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;popper.html&quot;&gt;Karl Popper&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;The Open Society and
Its Enemies&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, &lt;cite&gt;Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic
Tradition in Western Thought&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Amartya Sen, &quot;Democracy and Its Global Roots&quot; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://bactra.org/sloth/2003-09-29a.html&quot;&gt;link&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Joseph Stiglitz
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.worldbank.org/knowledge/chiefecon/articles/boston.htm&quot;&gt;Democratic
Development as the Fruits of Labor&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/extme/jssp012799.htm&quot;&gt;On Liberty, the
Right to Know, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public
Life&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Tilly &lt;cite&gt;Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;../weblog/algae-2008-07.html#tilly-on-democracy&quot;&gt;Mini-review&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, &lt;cite&gt;Economic Origins of
Dictatorship and Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Daniele Archibugi, &lt;cite&gt;The Global Commonwealth of Citizens:
Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Gianpaolo Baiocchi, &lt;cite&gt;Militants and Citizens: The Politics of
Participation in Porto Alegre&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=6387&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Nancy Bermeo, &lt;cite&gt;Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The
Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy&lt;/cite&gt; [Argues that &quot;democratic
collapses are caused less by changes in popular preferences than by the actions
of political elites who polarize themselves and mistake the actions of a few
for the preferences of the many.&quot;  &lt;a
href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/chapters/s7663.html&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/a&gt;.]
	&lt;li&gt;William T. Bernhard and David Leblang, &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Processes
and Financial Markets: Pricing Politics&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/0521678382&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;James Bohman
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Public Deliberation: Pluralism, Complexity,
and Democracy&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/978-0-262-52278-6&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Democracy across Borders: From &lt;em&gt;Demos&lt;/em&gt; to
&lt;em&gt;Demoi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/0-262-02612-0&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Xavier de Souza Briggs, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy as Problem Solving:
Civic Capacity in Communities Across the Globe&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/978-0-262-52485-8&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Robert Alan Dahl
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;How Democratic Is the American
Constitution?&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Polyarchy&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;citE&gt;On Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Matthew A. Crenson and Benjamin Ginsberg, &lt;cite&gt;Downsizing
Democracy: How America Sidelined Its Citizens and Privatized Its Public&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Barbara Cruikshank, &lt;cite&gt;The Will to Empower: Democratic Citizens and Other Subjects&lt;/cite&gt; [&quot;Considers the question of how liberal democracies produce citizens who are capable of governing themselves, rethinking the relationship between welfare and citizenship, democracy and despotism, and subjectivity and subjection.&quot;]
	&lt;li&gt;Patrick Deneen, &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Faith&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/8081.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, intro&lt;/A&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Eley, &lt;cite&gt;Forging Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;David M. Estlund, &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Authority: A Philosophical
Framework&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8571.html&quot;&gt;blurb, ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Yi Feng, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy, Governance, and Economic Performance:
Theory and Evidence&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/026206356&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Archon Fung
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&quot;Associations and Democracy: Between
Theories, Hopes, and Realities&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100134&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Annual Review of Sociology&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;29&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 515--539&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban
Democracy&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7762.html&quot;&gt;Blurb,
ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;Deepening
Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory
Governance&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;John David Funge, &quot;Journal of New Democratic Methods: An
Introduction&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CY/0408048&quot;&gt;cs.CY/0408048&lt;/a&gt;
[Probably crazy, but deserves a look at some point]
	&lt;li&gt;John Gastil, &lt;cite&gt;By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative
Democracy through Deliberative Elections&lt;/citE&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=kt596nc7dp&quot;&gt;Free online&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Paul Edward Gottfried, &lt;citE&gt;After Liberalism: Mass Democracy
in the Managerial State&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;William Graebner, &lt;cite&gt;The Engineering of Consent: Democracy and
Authority in Twentieth-Century America&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Judith Gruber, &lt;cite&gt;Controlling Bureaucracies: Dilemmas in
Democratic Governance&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g500470/&quot;&gt;Online&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Thom Hartmann, &lt;cite&gt;What Would Jefferson Do?&lt;/cite&gt; [Great
title, if nothing else]
	&lt;li&gt;David Held, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern
State to Cosmopolitan Governance&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Robert Huckfeldt, Paul E. Johnson and John Sprague, &lt;citE&gt;Political
Disagreement: The Survival of Diverse Opinions within Communication
Networks&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Vincent Hutchings, &lt;cite&gt;Public Opinion and Democratic
Accountability: How Citizens Learn about Politics&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7656.html&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Kurzman, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals
and the Fate of Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/KURDEM.html&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Leif Lewin, &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Accountability: Why Choice in Politics
Is Both Possible and Necessary&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/LEWDEM.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Lipson, &lt;cite&gt;Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made
a Separate Peace&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7651.html&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, &lt;cite&gt;The Democratic Dilemma:
Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know?&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Arthur Lupia and John G. Matsusaka, &quot;Direct Democracy: New
Approaches to Old Questions&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104730&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Annual
Review of Political Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;7&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): 463--482&lt;/a&gt;
[&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;: &quot;Until recently, direct democracy scholarship was primarily
descriptive or normative. Much of it sought to highlight the processes'
shortcomings. We describe new research that examines direct democracy from a
more scientific perspective. We organize the discussion around four 'old'
questions that have long been at the heart of the direct democracy debate: Are
voters competent? What role does money play? How does direct democracy affect
policy? Does direct democracy benefit the many or the few? We find that recent
breakthroughs in theory and empirical analysis paint a comparatively positive
picture of the initiative and referendum. For example, voters are more
competent, and the relationship between money and power in direct democracy is
less nefarious, than many observers allege. More new studies show that the mere
presence of direct democracy induces sitting legislatures to govern more
effectively.&quot;]
	&lt;li&gt;James Macdonald, &lt;cite&gt;A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The Financial
Roots of Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/8228.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, intro&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Gerry Mackie, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy Defended&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/0521534313&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Giandomenico Majone, &lt;citE&gt;Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in
the Policy Process&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Pierre Manent, &lt;cite&gt;A World Beyond Politics?  A Defense of the
Nation-State&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/8193.html&quot;&gt;Blurb,
intro&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Mann, &lt;cite&gt;The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining
Ethnic Cleansing&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. Mansbridge, &lt;cite&gt;Beyond Adversary Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;McMahon, &lt;citE&gt;Authority and Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;T. Mendelberg, &quot;The deliberative citizen: theory and evidence&quot;, in
M. X. Delli Carpini, L. Huddy and R. Shapiro, eds., &lt;cite&gt;Research in
Micropolitics: Political Decisionmaking, Deliberation and
Participation&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt; (2002): 151--93 [Review of work on
social psychology of group decision-making and argumentation relevant to
democratic deliberation]
	&lt;li&gt;Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, &quot;Democracy, Volatility and Economic
Development&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970302&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The
Review of Economics and Statistics&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;87&lt;/strong&gt; (2005):
348--361&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Diana C. Mutz, &lt;cite&gt;Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/9780521612289&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Neil Netanel, &quot;Is the Commercial Mass Media Necessary, or Even
Desirable, for Liberal Democracy?&quot; &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.CY/0109092&quot;&gt;cs.CY/0109092&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Beth Simone
Noveck, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_11/noveck/&quot;&gt;&quot;A
Democracy of Groups&quot;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;First Monday&lt;/cite&gt; November 2005
	&lt;li&gt;Josiah Ober
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Athenian Legacies: Essays of the Politics of
Going on Together&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8077.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning
in Classical Athens&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8742.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Conor O'Dwyer, &lt;cite&gt;Runaway State-Building: Patronage Politics and
Democratic Development&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Marina S. Ottaway, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy Challenged: The Rise of
Semi-Authoritarianism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Adam Przeworski, &lt;cite&gt;Sustainable Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/9780521483759&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Adam Przeworski et al., &lt;cite&gt;Democracy and Development: Political
Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950--1990&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/0521793793&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Darius Rejali, &lt;cite&gt;Torture and Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8490.html&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Henry S. Richardson, &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Automony: Public Reasoning
about the Ends of Policy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;John E. Roemer, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy, Education, and Equality&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/9780521609135&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Saward (ed.), &lt;cite&gt;Democratic Innovation: Deliberation,
Representation, and Association&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ian Shapiro
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Democracy's Place&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The State of Democratic Theory&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Cass R. Sunstein, &lt;cite&gt;Why Societies Need Dissent&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Tilly, &lt;cite&gt;Contention and Democracy in Europe,
1650--2000&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/http://www.labyrinthbooks.com/all_detail.aspx?isbn=9780521537131&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Daniel Treisman, &lt;cite&gt;The Architecture of Government: Rethinking
Political Decentralization&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/9780521693820&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Nadia Urbinati, &lt;cite&gt;Representative Democracy: Principles and
Genealogy&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?bookkey=190752&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Frank Vibert, &lt;cite&gt;The Rise of the Unelected: Democracy and the
New Separation of Powers&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/0521694140&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Leonard Wantchekon, &quot;The Paradox of Warlord Democracy: A
Theoretical Investigation&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;American Political Science
Review&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;98&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): 17--33 [&lt;em&gt;When&lt;/em&gt; is liberty born
from the quarrels of tyrants?]
	&lt;li&gt;Mark E. Warren, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy and Association&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/chapters/s6972.html&quot;&gt;Chapter 1&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Donald A. Wittman, &lt;cite&gt;The Myth of Democratic Failure: Why
Political Institutions Are Efficient&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12826.ctl&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Sheldon S. Wolin, &lt;cite&gt;Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy
and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism&lt;/citE&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;David Zaret, &lt;cite&gt;Origins of Democratic Culture: Printing,
Petitions, andthe Public Sphere in Early-Modern England&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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