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    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>History of Science</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2010/01/01#history-of-science</link>
    <description>


See also:
	the &lt;a href=&quot;scientific-revolution.html&quot;&gt;Scientific Revolution&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;sociology-of-science.html&quot;&gt;Sociology of Science&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;Recommended:
	&lt;li&gt;Margaret Alic, &lt;cite&gt;Hypatia's Heritage&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. L. Berggren, &lt;cite&gt;Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval
Islam&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Alfred W. Crosby, &lt;cite&gt;The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Timothy Ferris, &lt;cite&gt;Coming of Age in the Milky Way&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jacob L. Heilbron, &lt;cite&gt;The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Isis&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;George Gheverghese Joseph, &lt;cite&gt;The Crest of the Peacock:
Non-European Roots of Mathematics&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;needham.html&quot;&gt;Joseph Needham&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;Science and
Civilisation in China&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;George Sarton, &lt;cite&gt;The Study of the History of Science&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Singer, &lt;cite&gt;From Magic to Science: Essays in the
Scientific Twilight&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Stephen Toulmin, &lt;cite&gt;Human Understanding&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Adas, &lt;cite&gt;Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology,
and Ideologies of Western Dominance&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Anthony Aveni, &lt;cite&gt;Empires of Time&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Margaret Baron, &lt;cite&gt;The Origin of the Infinitessimal
Calculus&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. D. Bernal, &lt;cite&gt;Science in History&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Carl Boyer, &lt;cite&gt;The History of Calculus and Its Conceptual
Development&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;C. M. Brown, &lt;cite&gt;Benjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young
Republic&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/4416.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Jed Z. Buchwald, &quot;Discrepant Measurements and Experimental
Knolwedge in the Early Modern
Era&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00407-006-0116-6&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Archive for
History of Exact Sciences&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;60&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 565--649&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Joyce E. Chaplin, &lt;citE&gt;Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and
Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500--1676&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/CHASUB.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;John L. Cisne, &quot;How Science Survived: Medieval Manuscripts'
'Demography' and Classical Texts' Extinction&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1104718&quot;&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;307&lt;/strong&gt;
(2005): 1305--1307&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Marshall Clagett
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Greek Science in Antiquity&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael J. Crowe, &lt;cite&gt;The Extraterrestial Life Debate
1750--1900. The Idea of a Plurality of Worlds from Kant to Lowell&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Peter Dear, &lt;cite&gt;The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes
Sense of the World&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/176215.ctl&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Peter Dear (ed.), &lt;cite&gt;The Literary Structure of Scientific
Argument: Historical Studies&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ute Deichmann, &lt;cite&gt;Biologists Under Hitler&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Arthur Donovan, &lt;Cite&gt;Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration,
and Revolution&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Benjamin Farrington
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Greek Science&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Science and Politics in the Ancient World&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Tore Frangsmyr, J. L. Heilbron and Robin E. Rider (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;The
Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6d5nb455/&quot;&gt;online&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Charles Coulston Gillispie
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of
Scientific Ideas&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749--1827: A Life in Exact
Science&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Science and Polity in France: The End of the
Old Regime&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Science and Polity in France: The Revolutionary and
Napoleonic Years&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/40744&quot;&gt;Review in &lt;cite&gt;American Scientist&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/a&gt;;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7784.html&quot;&gt;blurb, with link to
introduction&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;G. J. Goodfield, &lt;cite&gt;The Growth of Scientific Physiology&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Loren R. Graham, &lt;cite&gt;Science and Philosophy in the Soviet
Union&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Edward Grant, &lt;cite&gt;Planets, Stars and Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos,
1200--1687&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. L. Heilbron, &lt;cite&gt;Weighing Imponderables and Other Quantitative
Sciences around 1800&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne W. Kolb, and Catherine Westfall,
&lt;cite&gt;Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier, and Megascience&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=synopsis&amp;isbn=9780226346250&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Jan P. Hogendijk and Abdelhamid I. Sabra (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;The
Enterprise of Science in Islam&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Thomas Holden, &lt;citE&gt;The Architecture of Matter: Galileo to Kant&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Frederic Lawrence Holmes, &lt;cite&gt;Investigative Pathways: Patterns
and Stages in the Careers of Experimental Scientists&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300100752&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Toby Huff, &lt;cite&gt;The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China,
and the West&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.cup.org/Titles/49/0521498333.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, &lt;cite&gt;Science, Technology and Learning in the
Ottoman Empire&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;Li&gt;Jacques Jouanna, &lt;cite&gt;Hippocrates&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;David Knight, &lt;cite&gt;The Making of Modern Science: Science,
Technology, Medicine and Modernity, 1789--1914&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;John Krige, &lt;cite&gt;American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction
of Science in Europe&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/0-262-11297-3&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Lancaster, &lt;cite&gt;Quantitative Methods in Biological and Medical
Sciences: A Historical Essay&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;G. E. R. Lloyd
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into
Ancient Greek and Chinese Science&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and
Practice of Ancient Greek Science&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8h4nb53w/&quot;&gt;online&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Pamela Long, &lt;cite&gt;Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts
and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. Mann, &lt;cite&gt;Murder, Magic and Medicine&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Majno, &lt;cite&gt;Healing Hand: Man + Wound in the Ancient World&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Reviel Netz, &lt;cite&gt;The Transformation of Mathematics in the Early
Mediterranean World: From Problems to Equations&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/9780521829960&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;O. Neugebauer, &lt;cite&gt;The Exact Sciences in Antiquity&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Mary Jo Nye, &lt;cite&gt;From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical
Chemistry: Dynamics of Matter and Dynamics of Disciplines, 1800--1950&lt;/citE&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6189.php&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Giuliano Pancaldi, &lt;cite&gt;Volta: Science and Culture in the Age of
Enlightenment&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7557.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;M. Pera, &lt;cite&gt;The Ambiguous Frog: The Galvani-Volta Controversy on
Animal Electricity&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Kim Plofker, &lt;cite&gt;Mathematics in India&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8835.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Derek de Solla Price, &lt;cite&gt;Science since Babylon&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Helena M. Pycior, Nancy G. Slack and Pnina G. Abir-Am (eds.),
&lt;cite&gt;Creative Couples in the Sciences&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Lewis Pyenson and Susan Sheets-Pyenson, &lt;cite&gt;Servants of Nature: A
History of Scientific Institutions, Enterprises, and Sensibilities&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Harry Robin, &lt;cite&gt;The Scientific Image: From Cave to
Computer&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;George Saliba, &lt;cite&gt;Islamic Science and the Making of the European
Renaissance&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/0-262-19557-7&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rorotoko.com/index.php/article/george_saliba_book_interview_islamic_science_making_european_renaissance/P0/&quot;&gt;author's self-presentation&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;R. A. Skelton, Thomas Marston and George D. Painter, &lt;cite&gt;The
Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Stafford, &lt;cite&gt;Artful Science&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Brett D. Steele and Tamera Dorland (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;The Heirs of
Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment&lt;/citE&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262195164&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Dick Teresi, &lt;cite&gt;Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern
Science From the Babylonians to the Maya&lt;/citE&gt; [Harsh &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/Leads03/03-03Lgrafton.html&quot;&gt;review
by Anthony Grafton&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Mark Walker (ed.), &lt;cite&gt;Science and Ideology: A Comparative
History&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Lynn White, Jr., &lt;cite&gt;Dynamo and Virgin Reconsidered&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;H. Woolf, &lt;cite&gt;The Transit of Venus: A Study of Eighteenth Century
Science&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Yoshikawa and Kauffman (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;Science Has no National
Borders&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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