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    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>Calculating Macroscopic Consequences of Microscopic Interactions</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2009/07/03#micro-macro</link>
    <description>
&lt;P&gt;[A placeholder while I organize my thoughts]

&lt;P&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;stat-mech.html&quot;&gt;Statistical mechanics&lt;/a&gt; (especially,
perhaps, &lt;a href=&quot;noneq-sm.html&quot;&gt;non-equilibrium&lt;/a&gt; statistical
mechanics), &lt;a href=&quot;cellular-automata.html&quot;&gt;cellular automata&lt;/a&gt; (especially
their continuum limits), evolutionary
theory, &lt;a
href=&quot;economics.html&quot;&gt;economics&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a
href=&quot;sociology.html&quot;&gt;sociology&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;simulations.html&quot;&gt;simulation
modeling&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;large-deviations.html&quot;&gt;large deviations&lt;/a&gt; of
&lt;a href=&quot;stochastic-processes.html&quot;&gt;stochastic
processes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;emergent-properties.html&quot;&gt;emergence&lt;/a&gt;,

&lt;ul&gt;Recommended:
	&lt;li&gt;David Cai, Louis Tao and David W. McLaughlin, &quot;An embedded network
approach for scale-up of fluctuation-driven systems with preservation of spike
information&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404062101&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciencces&lt;/cite&gt; (USA) &lt;strong&gt;101&lt;/strong&gt; (2004):
14288--14293&lt;/a&gt; [Interesting, but I really needed to read their prior paper on
their coarse-graining method (below) to evaluate this.]
	&lt;li&gt;Dror Givon, Raz Kupferman and Andrew Stuart, &quot;Extracting
macroscopic dynamics: model problems and algorithms&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0951-7715/17/6/R01&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Nonlinearity&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;17&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): R55--R127&lt;/a&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~razk/Publications/PDF/GKS03.pdf&quot;&gt;PDF
preprint&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Clark Glymour, &quot;When Is a Brain Like the Planet?&quot;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521968&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Philosophy of
Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;74&lt;/strong&gt; (2007): 330--347&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Olof Gonerup and Martin Nilsson Jacobi, &quot;A method for
inferring hierarchical dynamics in stochastic processes&quot;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0703034&quot;&gt;nlin.AO/0703034&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Martin Nilsson Jacobi, &quot;Quotient Manifold Projections and
Hierarchical Dynamics in Smooth Dynamical Systems&quot; [Lie-algebraic techniques
for determining when a low-dimensional projection of a high-dimensional
dynamical system will itself be a self-contained dynamical system.  I heard
Martin talk about it, and it's very cool stuff.]
	&lt;li&gt;Thomas Schelling, &lt;cite&gt;Micromotives and Macrobehavior&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Masano Aoki
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;New Approaches to Macroeconomic Modeling:
Evolutionary Stochastic Dynamics, Multiple Equilibria, and Externalities as
Field Effects&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Modeling Aggregate Behavior and Fluctuations in
Economics: Stochastic Views of Interacting Agents&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Karen Ball, Tom Kurtz, Lea Popovic and Greg Rempala, &quot;Asymptotic
analysis of multiscale approximations to reaction networks&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.PR/0508015&quot;&gt;math.PR/0508015&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;David Cai, Louis Tao, Michael Shelley and David McLaughlin, &quot;An
effective kinetic representation of fluctuation-driven neuronal networks with
application to simple and complex cells in visual cortex&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401906101&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences&lt;/cite&gt; (USA) &lt;strong&gt;101&lt;/strong&gt; (2004):
7757--7762&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;R. R. Coifman, S. Lafon, A. B. Lee, M. Maggioni, B. Nadler,
F. Warner and S. W. Zucker, &quot;Geometric diffusions as a tool for harmonic
analysis and structure definition of data&quot; [&quot;We use diffusion semigroups to
generate multiscale geometries in order to organize and represent complex
structures. We show that appropriately selected eigenfunctions or scaling
functions of Markov matrices, which describe local transitions, lead to
macroscopic descriptions at different scales. The process of iterating or
diffusing the Markov matrix is seen as a generalization of some aspects of the
Newtonian paradigm, in which local infinitesimal transitions of a system lead
to global macroscopic descriptions by integration. We provide a unified view of
ideas from data analysis, machine learning, and numerical analysis.&quot;]
		&lt;ol&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&quot;Diffusion maps&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500334102&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;102&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 7426--7431&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&quot;Multiscale methods&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500896102&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;102&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 7432--7437&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;/ol&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Andreas Degenhard and Javier Rodriguez-Laguna, &quot;Towards the
Evaluation of the Relevant Degrees of Freedom in Nonlinear Partial Differential
Equations,&quot; &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0106156&quot;&gt;cond-mat/0106156&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Radek Erban, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis and Hans G. Othmer, &quot;An
equation-free computational approach for extracting population-level behavior
from individual-based models of biological dispersal&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0505179&quot;&gt;physics/0505179&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;G. Flores Hidalgo and Y. W. Milla, &quot;Dressed (Renormalized)
Coordinates in a Nonlinear System&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0410238&quot;&gt;physics/0410238&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Navot Israeli and Nigel Goldenfeld, &quot;Coarse-graining of cellular
automata, emergence, and the predictability of complex systems&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CG/0508033&quot;&gt;nlin.CG/0508033&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Shalev Itzkovitz, Reuven Levitt, Nadav Kashtan, Ron Milo, Michael
Itzkovitz and Uri Alon, &quot;Coarse-Graining and Self-Dissimilarity of Complex
Networks&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.MN/0405011&quot;&gt;q-bio.MN/0405011&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Daniel Korenblum and David Shalloway, &quot;Macrostate data clustering&quot;,
&lt;cite&gt;Physical Review E&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;67&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 056704
	&lt;li&gt;Peter Kotelenez, &lt;cite&gt;Stochastic Ordinary and Stochastic Partial Differential Equations: Transition from Microscopic to Macroscopic Equations&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.springer.com/math/probability/book/978-0-387-74316-5&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Andrew J. Majda, Rafail V. Abramov and Marcus J. Grote,
&lt;cite&gt;Information Theory and Stochastic for Multiscale Nonlinear Systems&lt;/cite&gt;
[Sounds interesting, to judge from the &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-8218-3843-1&quot;&gt;blurb&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.cims.nyu.edu/~abramov/paper.php?mag.pdf&quot;&gt;PDF draft?&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Brian A. Maurer, &quot;Statistical mechanics of complex ecological
aggregates&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2004.11.001&quot;&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Ecological
Complexity&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 71--85&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Igor Mezic, &quot;Spectral Properties of Dynamical Systems, Model
Reduction and Decompositions&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11071-005-2824-x&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Nonlinear
Dynamics&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;41&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 309--325&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Sung Joon Moon and Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, &quot;An equation-free
approach to coupled oscillator dynamics: the Kuramoto model example&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0502016&quot;&gt;nlin.AO/0502016&lt;/a&gt; [An approach to
predicting the behavior of macroscopic, coarse-grained variables, which is
equation-free in the sense that it &quot;circumvent[s] the derivation of explicit
dynamical equations (approximately) governing [their] evolution&quot;, substituting
rather &quot;short burts of appropriately initialized simulations of the
'fine-scale', detailed&quot; model.  This sounds like an interesting idea,
applicable e.g. to agent-based models, but I need to read the paper to see
if/how it actually works.]
	&lt;li&gt;Sung Joon Moon, R Ghanem, I. G. Kevrekidis, &quot;An equation-free
approach to coupled oscillator
dynamics&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.AO/0509022&quot;&gt;nlin.AO/0509022&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Sung Joon Moon, B. Nabet, Naomi E. Leonard, Simon A. Levin, and
I. G. Kevrekidis, &quot;Heterogeneous animal group models and their group-level
alignment dynamics; an equation-free
approach&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.QM/0606021&quot;&gt;q-bio.QM/0606021&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Boaz Nadler, Stephane Lafon, Ronald R. Coifman and Ioannis
G. Kevrekidis
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&quot;Diffusion maps, spectral clustering and reaction
coordinates of dynamical systems&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NA/0503445&quot;&gt;math.NA/0503445&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&quot;Diffusion Maps, Spectral Clustering and Eigenfunctions of
Fokker-Planck operators&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NA/0506090&quot;&gt;math.NA/0506090&lt;/a&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Liang Qiao, Radek Erban, C. T. Kelley and Ioannis G. Kevrekidis,
&quot;Spatially Distributed Stochastic Systems: equation-free and equation-assisted
preconditioned computation&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.QM/0606006&quot;&gt;q-bio.QM/0606006&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;A. J. Roberts, &quot;Resolve the multitude of microscale interactions to
model stochastic partial differential equations&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DS/0506533&quot;&gt;math.DS/0506533&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Wolfgang Stadje, &quot;The evolution of aggregated Markov chains&quot;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2005.04.052&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Statistics and
Probability Letters&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;74&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 303--311&lt;/a&gt; [&quot;Given a
stationary two-sided Markov chain ... with finite state space ... and a
partition ... we consider the aggregated sequence defined by [applying the
partition], which is also stationary but in general not Markovian.  We present
a tractable way to determine the transition probabilities of [the aggregated
process], either given a finite part of its past or given its infinite past.
These probabilities are linked to the Radon-Nikodym derivative of [the density
of an exponentially-decaying sum of aggregated values, conditional on the
unaggregated process] with respect to [the unconditional distribution of the
exponentially-decaying sum]&quot;.]
	&lt;li&gt;Panagiotis Stinis, &quot;A comparative study of two stochastic mode
reduction methods&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.NA/0509028&quot;&gt;math.NA/0509028&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ji-Feng Yang, &quot;Renormalization group equations as 'decoupling'
theorems&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0507024&quot;&gt;hep-th/0507024&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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