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  <channel>
    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
    <language>en</language>

  <item>
    <title>Synchronization and Functional Connectivity in Neural Systems</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2009/08/03#neuro-synch</link>
    <description>
&lt;P&gt;See also:
	&lt;a href=&quot;synchronization.html&quot;&gt;Synchronization&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;neural-coding.html&quot;&gt;Neural Coding&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;neuroscience.html&quot;&gt;Neuroscience&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;Recommended:
	&lt;li&gt;Andreas K. Engel, Pascal Fries and Wolf Singer, &quot;Dynamic
Predictions: Oscillations and Synchrony in Top-Down Processing,&quot; &lt;cite&gt;Nature
Reviews Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt; (2001): 704--716 [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.psychologie.unizh.ch/allgpsy/People/Schwaninger/Download/Ac02/Engel_et_al_2001.pdf&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Roberto F. Gal&amp;aacute;n, G. Bard Ermentrout, and Nathaniel
N. Urban, &quot;Efficient Estimation of Phase-Resetting Curves in Real Neurons and
its Significance for Neural-Network Modeling&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.15810&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Physical Review
Letters&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;94&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 158101&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Mark A. Kramer, Erik Edwards, Maryam Soltani, Mitchel S. Berger and
Robert T. Knight and Andrew J. Szeri, &quot;Synchronization Measures of Bursting
Data: Application to the Electrocorticogram of an Auditory Event-Related
Experiment&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v70/e011914&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Physical Review
E&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;70&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): 011914&lt;/a&gt; [This is a very interesting
paper, but it omits, so far as I can see, the crucial details of what embedding
parameters they used on their empirical data, and how those were selected]
	&lt;li&gt;R. Quian Quiroga, A. Kraskov, T. Kreuz and P. Grassberger,
&quot;Performance of different synchronization measures in real data: A case study
on electroencephalographic signals,&quot; &lt;cite&gt;Physical Review E&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;65&lt;/strong&gt; (2002): 041903
= &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/nlin.CD/0109023&quot;&gt;nlin.CD/0109023&lt;/a&gt; [See also
the interesting &quot;Comment&quot; by R. B. Duckrow and A. M. Albano,
&lt;cite&gt;PRE&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;67&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 063901, and the reply by the
original authors, 063902 in the same volume]
	&lt;li&gt;Alexander Thiele and Gene stoner, &quot;Neuronal synchrony does not
correlate with motion coherence in cortical area MT,&quot; &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1038/nature01285&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Nature&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;421&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 366--370&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Maxim Volgushev, Sylvain Chauvette, Mikhail Mukovski and Igor
Timofeev, &quot;Precise Long-Range Synchronization of Activity and Silence
in Neocortical Neurons during Slow-Wave Sleep&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0279-06.2006&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Journal
of Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;26&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 5665--5672&lt;/a&gt; [Now
open access; but thanks to Prof. Timofeev for sending me a reprint at the
time.]
	&lt;/ul&gt;


&lt;ul&gt;Modesty forbids me to recommend:
	&lt;li&gt;Kristina Lisa Klinkner, CRS, and Marcelo F. Camperi, &quot;Measuring
Shared Information and Coordinated Activity in Neuronal Networks&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.NC/0506009&quot;&gt;q-bio.NC/0506009&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Aersten, Gerstein, Habib and Palm, &quot;Dynamics of neuronal
firing correlation - modulation in effective connectivity&quot;, &lt;citE&gt;Journal
of Neurophysiology&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;61&lt;/strong&gt; (1989): 900-917
	&lt;li&gt;Kazuyuki Aihara and Isao Tokuda, &quot;Possible neural coding with
interevent intervals of synchronous firing,&quot; &lt;a
href=&quot;http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v66/e026212&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Physical Review
E&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;66&lt;/strong&gt; (2002): 026212&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Danielle S. Bassett, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Sophie Achard,
Thomas Duke, and Edward Bullmore, &quot;Adaptive reconfiguration of fractal
small-world human brain functional networks&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606005103&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;103&lt;/strong&gt; (2006):
19518--19523 &lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Maxim Bazhenov, Igor Timofeev, Mircea Seriade, and Terrence
J. Sejnowski, &quot;Model of Thalamocortical Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations and 
Transitions to Activated States&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;The Journal of Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;22&lt;/strong&gt; (2002): 8691--8704
[&lt;a
href=&quot;http://w3.fmed.ulaval.ca/dev/timofeevgroup/fileadmin/documents/documents/2002/2002MaximSleep.pdf&quot;&gt;PDF
reprint via Prof. Timofeev&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;C. D. Brody, &quot;Correlations without synchrony&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;Neural
Computation&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;11&lt;/strong&gt; (1999): 1537--1551
	&lt;li&gt;Randy M. Bruno and Bert Sakmann, &quot;Cortex Is Driven by Weak but
Synchronously Active Thalamocortical Synapses&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1124593&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Science&lt;/cite&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;312&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 1622--1627&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;A. N. Burkitt and G. M. Clark, &quot;Synchronization of the Neural
Response to Noisy Periodic Synaptic Input,&quot; &lt;cite&gt;Neural Computation&lt;/cite&gt;
vol.  13 no. 12 (Dec. 2001)
	&lt;li&gt;Can Cai, Robert E. Kass and Val&amp;eacute;rie Ventura, &quot;Statistical
Assessment of Time-Varying Dependence Between Two Neurons&quot;,
&lt;citE&gt;Journal of Neurophysiology&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;94&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 2940--2947
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/~kass/papers/can1.pdf&quot;&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Christel Faes, Helena Geys, Geert Molenberghs, Marc Aerts, Carmen
Cadarso-Su&amp;acute;rez, Carlos Acuna, Monica Cano, &quot;A Flexible Method to Measure
Synchrony in Neuronal Firing&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;Journal of the American Statistical
Association&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;103&lt;/strong&gt; (2008): 149--161 [&quot;We propose a new
measure of synchrony, the conditional synchrony measure, which is the
probability of firing together given that at least one of the two neurons is
active. Focus is on the specification of a flexible marginal model for
multivariate correlated binary data together with a pseudolikelihood estimation
approach...&quot;]
	&lt;li&gt;Joachim Gross, Frank Schmitz, Irmtraud Schnitzler, Klaus Kessler,
Kimron Shapiro, Bernhard Hommel and Alfons Schnitzler, &quot;Modulation of
long-range neural synchrony reflects temporal limitations of visual attention
in humans&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404944101&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;PNAS&lt;/cite&gt; (2004)&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Boris Gutkin, Tim Hely and J&amp;uuml;rgen Jost, &quot;Noisy Delays
Bifurcation in a Positively Coupled Neural Circuit,&quot; &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0009003&quot;&gt;physics/0009003&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Kenneth D. Harris, &quot;Neural Signatures of Cell Assembly
Organization&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1669&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Nature Reviews
Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 399--407&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J. J. Hopfield and Carlos D. Brody, &quot; What is a moment? Transient
synchrony as a collective mechanism for spatiotemporal integration&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.031567098&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;PNAS&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;98&lt;/strong&gt;
(2001): 1282-1287&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Rajesh K. Kana, Timothy A. Keller, Vladimir Cherkassky, Nancy
J. Minshew and Marcel Adam Just, &quot;Atypical frontal-posterior synchronization of
Theory of Mind regions in autism during mental state attribution&quot;, &lt;citE&gt;Social
Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; forthcoming (2008)
[&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.ccbi.cmu.edu/reprints/Kana_SocNeuroSci-2008-ToM_Journal-preprint.pdf&quot;&gt;preprint&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Thomas Kreuz, Julie S. Haas, Alice Morelli, Henry D. I. Abarbanel,
Antonio Politi, &quot;Measuring spike train
synchrony&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0701261&quot;&gt;physics/0701261&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael A. Long, Scott J. Cruikshank, Michael J. Jutras and Barry
W.  Connors, &quot;Abrupt Maturation of a Spike-Synchronizing Mechanism in
Neocortex&quot;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0375-05.2005&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Journal of
Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;25&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 7309--7316&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;J&amp;ouml;rn Niessing, Boris Ebisch, Kerstin E. Schmidt, Michael
Niessing, Wolf Singer and Ralf A. W. Galuske, &quot;Hemodynamic Signals Correlate
Tightly with Synchronized Gamma Oscillations&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110948&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Science&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;309&lt;/strong&gt;
(2005): 948--951&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Yoshio Sakurai and Susumu Takahashi, &quot;Dynamic Synchrony of Firing
in the Monkey Prefrontal Cortex during Working-Memory Tasks&quot;,
&lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2423-06.2006&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Journal of
Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;26&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 10141--10153&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Gabriele Scheler, &quot;Network Topology influences Synchronization and
Intrinsic Read-out&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.NC/0507037&quot;&gt;q-bio.NC/0507037&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jean-Philippe Thivierge and Paul Cisek, &quot;Nonperiodic
Synchronization in Heterogeneous Networks of Spiking
Neurons&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0870-08.2008&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Journal of
Neuroscience&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;28&lt;/strong&gt; (2008): 7968--7978&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Paul H. E. Tiesinga, Jean-Marc Fellous, Emilio Salinas, Jorge
V. Jose, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, &quot;Inhibitory synchrony as a mechanism for
attentional gain modulation&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.NC/0503019&quot;&gt;q-bio.NC/0503019&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Antoine Venaille, Pablo Varona, and Mikhail I. Rabinovich,
&quot;Synchronization and coordination of sequences in two neural ensembles&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.71.061909&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Physical Review
E&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;71&lt;/strong&gt; (2005): 061909&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;M.-P. Zorzano and L. Vazquez, &quot;Emergence of Synchronous
Oscillations in Neural Networks Excited by Noise&quot;, &lt;a
href=&quot;http://arxiv.org/abs/math.DS/0507141&quot;&gt;math.DS/0507141&lt;/a&gt; = &lt;a
href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10%2E1016/S0167-2789%2803%2900007-1&quot;&gt;&lt;citE&gt;Physica
D&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;179&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 105--114&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To write (with Klinkner and Camperi, in various permutations):
	&lt;li&gt;&quot;Scale, Sparseness and Synchrony in Model Neuronal Networks&quot;
	&lt;li&gt;&quot;A Comparison of Neuronal Synchrony Measures&quot;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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