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    <title>Notebooks   </title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks</link>
    <description>Cosma's Notebooks</description>
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  <item>
    <title>Totaliatiarianism, Its Intellectual and Social Roots</title>
    <link>http://bactra.org/notebooks/2009/04/10#totalitarianism</link>
    <description>


&lt;P&gt;&lt;em&gt;See also&lt;/em&gt;:
	&lt;a href=&quot;counter-enlightenment.html&quot;&gt;Counter-Enlightenment&lt;/A&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;empires.html&quot;&gt;Empires and Imperialism&lt;/a&gt;;
	the &lt;a href=&quot;left.html&quot;&gt;Left&lt;/a&gt;;
	the &lt;a href=&quot;right.html&quot;&gt;Right&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;revolution.html&quot;&gt;Revolution&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;romanticists.html&quot;&gt;Romanticism&lt;/a&gt;;
	&lt;a href=&quot;socialism.html&quot;&gt;Socialism&lt;/a&gt;;
	the &lt;a href=&quot;ussr.html&quot;&gt;Soviet Union&lt;/a&gt;


&lt;ul&gt;Recommended:
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;arendt.html&quot;&gt;Hannah Arendt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;The Origins of
Totalitarianism&lt;/cite&gt; [Except that, as writers like Popper, Sternhell,
Mazower, etc., etc., show, she was wrong in writing as though totalitarianism
was something that crawled out from under the floorboards of European thought;
it has a long and respectable pedigree, which included Arendt's own philosophy
teachers.]
	&lt;li&gt;Ian Kershaw
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The &quot;Hitler Myth&quot;: Image and Reality in the Third Reich&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Hitler&lt;/cite&gt; [Biography in 2 vols.]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;kolakowski.html&quot;&gt;Leszek Kolakowski&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;Main
Currents of Marxism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Kanan Makiya (as Samir al-Khalil), &lt;cite&gt;Republic of Fear&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Mark Mazower, &lt;cite&gt;Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth
Century&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;George L. Mosse, &lt;cite&gt;The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual
Origins of the Third Reich&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Robert O. Paxton, &lt;cite&gt;Anatomy of Fascism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Stanley Payne, &lt;cite&gt;A History of Fascism, 1914--1945&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;popper.html&quot;&gt;Karl Popper&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;The Open Society and
Its Enemies&lt;/cite&gt; [It's somewhat surprising that the three best books on this
are all by philosophers, and very different ones at that.]
	&lt;li&gt;Fritz Stern, &lt;cite&gt;The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the
Rise of the Germanic Ideology&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://bactra.org/weblog/algae-2008-05.html#stern&quot;&gt;micro-review&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Zeev Sternhell, &lt;cite&gt;Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in
France&lt;/cite&gt; [Badly written but important]
	&lt;li&gt;Hugh Trevor-Roper, &lt;cite&gt;The Last Days of Hitler&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Eugen Weber, &lt;cite&gt;Varieties of Fascism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Richard Wolin, &lt;cite&gt;The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual
Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;To read:
	&lt;li&gt;Bob Altemeyer, &lt;cite&gt;The Authoritarian Specter&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ruth Ben-Ghiat, &lt;cite&gt;Fascist Modernities: Italy, 1922--1945&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8943.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Wolfgang Benz, &lt;cite&gt;A Concise History of the Third Reich&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9837.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Beradt, &lt;cite&gt;The Third Reich of Dreams&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Chip Berlet and Matthew N. Lyons, &lt;cite&gt;Too Close for Comfort:
Right-Wing Populism, Scapegoating, and Fascist Potentials in US Political
Traditions&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner, &quot;The Role of Private
Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of
Industry&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022050706000167&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The
Journal of Economic History&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;66&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 390--416&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Daniel Chirot, &lt;cite&gt;Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence
of Evil in Our Age&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Isaac Deutcher, &lt;cite&gt;Stalin&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Andrew Donson, &quot;Why did German youth become fascists? Nationalist
males born 1900 to 1908 in war and
revolution&quot;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071020600746677&quot;&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Social
History&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;31&lt;/strong&gt; (2006): 337--358&lt;/a&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Fainsod, &lt;cite&gt;Smolensk Under Soviet Rule&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Emilio Gentile
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;Politics as Religion&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/8195.html&quot;&gt;Blurb, ch. 1&lt;/a&gt;]
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Italian Road to Totalitarianism: The Party and the
State in the Fascist Regime&lt;/cite&gt; [forthcoming]
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Glaser, &lt;cite&gt;Cultural Roots of National Socialism&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, &lt;cite&gt;Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric
Nazism and the Politics of Identity&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;A. James Gregor, &lt;cite&gt;Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist
Social and Political Thought&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Halberstam, &lt;cite&gt;Totalitarianism and the Modern Conception of Politics&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Eli Halevy, &lt;cite&gt;The Age of Tyranny&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jeffrey Herf, &lt;cite&gt;Reactionary Modernism: Technology, culture and
Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin (eds.), &lt;cite&gt;Stalinism and Nazism:
Dictatorships in Comparison&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Claudia Koonz, &lt;cite&gt;The Nazi Conscience&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/KOONAZ.html&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Michael Mann, &lt;cite&gt;Fascists&lt;/cite&gt;
[&lt;a href=&quot;http://cambridge.org/0521538556&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Thomas Mann's essays on the roots of Nazism in German culture
	&lt;li&gt;G. L. Morse
		&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;citE&gt;The Fascist Revolution: Toward a General Theory of
Fascism&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite&gt;The Nationalization of the Masses&lt;/cite&gt;
		&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Jan-Werner Mueller, &lt;citE&gt;A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in
Post-War European Thought&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann&quot;&gt;Franz
Neumann&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;cite&gt;Behemoth: the Structure and Practice of National Socialism,
1933--1944&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Ernst Nolte, &lt;cite&gt;Fascism in Its Epoch&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, &lt;cite&gt;Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and
Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a
href=&quot;http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/15259.ctl&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Alfred Sohn-Rethel, &lt;cite&gt;Economy and Class Structure of German
Fascism&lt;/cite&gt; [&quot;reads like a thriller&quot;]
	&lt;li&gt;christian St&amp;ouml;gbauer and John Komlos, &quot;Averting the Nazi
seizure of power: A Counterfactual thought experiment&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;European
Review of Economic History&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;8&lt;/strong&gt; (2004): 173--1999
	&lt;li&gt;J. L. Talmon, &lt;cite&gt;The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Arthur Versluis, &lt;cite&gt;The New Inquisitions: Heretic-Hunting and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Totalitarianism&lt;/cite&gt; [&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/ReligionTheology/HistoryofChristianity/Modern/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195306378&quot;&gt;Blurb&lt;/a&gt;]
	&lt;li&gt;Weiss, &lt;cite&gt;The Fascist Tradition&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;E. Spencer Wellhoffer, &quot;Democracy and Fascism: Class, Civil
Society, and Rational Choice in Italy&quot;, &lt;cite&gt;American Political Science
Review&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;strong&gt;97&lt;/strong&gt; (2003): 91--106
	&lt;li&gt;Richard Wolin, &lt;cite&gt;Heidegger's Children&lt;/cite&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
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