John von Neumann (1903--1957)

Johnny, as it seems everyone called him, was one of those people who are so bright it's hard to believe they were human. (Maybe he wasn't. There's an old joke about the Fermi Paradox, a problem which occured to Enrico Fermi one day at Los Alamos: where are They? If there are intelligent aliens out there in the universe, why aren't they here yet? A million years is nothing, as the universe reckons things, but, judging from our own track-record, a species only that much older than us would have technology which would blow our minds, pretty close to limits set by physical laws. Leo Szilard is supposed to have answered Fermi: ``Maybe they're already here, and you just call them Hungarians.'') About the only large current of the natural sciences in this century which von Neumann's work has not added to is molecular biology. Almost everything else of any signficance he touched: mathematical logic; pure math; quantum physics; computing (which, as we know it, is largely his invention), cybernetics and automata theory; the Bomb; turbulence; game theory (another invention) and so economics, evolutionary biology, and the theory of war and conflict; artificial life, cellular automata (a third invention), the theory of self-reproduction (which, with molecular biology, finally killed off any last lingering hopes for vitalism) and artificial evolution. What many of us like to think of as new and profound changes in the way science works, brought about by computer modelling and simulation, were forseen and called for by von Neumman in the '40s. If any one person can be said to be the intellectual ancestor of complexity and all that travels alongside it, it was Johnny. His only real rival for the honor is Norbert Wiener, a better man but a less overwhelming scientist.

William Poundstone, The Recursive Universe [about cellular automata, mechanical self-reproduction, etc.] and Prisoner's Dilemma [A combination biography of Johnny, history of the Bomb and the early Cold War, and a history and presentation of game theory]
Project: Von Neumann [A freeware game collaboration, with evolving enemies.]
von Neumann Day, on 25 July, the 40th anniversary of his death, at the Logic Systems Laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. [I like the idea of having a von Neumann Day.]
by Johnny himself:
- The Computer and the Brain
- Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, ed. Arthur Burks, especially the first part, on the general theory of automata
- ``Recent Theories of Turbulence'' in Collected Works, vol. 6

William Aspray, John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing
Heims, John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener
Salim Rashid, "John von Neumann and Scientific Method", Journal of the History of Ideas 68 (2007): 501--527 [Abstract, links near bottom of page]
von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior

Notebooks

John von Neumann (1903--1957)